Visual inattention – that is, looking away from the road scene – is the single most significant factor contributing to crash and near-crash involvement.Most of the collisions and near-misses that occur involve inattention as a contributing factor.In 2011, Shutko and Tijerina reviewed large naturalistic studies on cars (Dingus and Klauer, 2008 Klauer et al., 2006 Young and Schreiner, 2009), heavy good vehicles (Olsen at el, 2008) and commercial vehicles and buses (Hickman et al., 2010) in field operational tests (Sayer et al., 2005, 2007), and concluded that: SYNC's major circuit board chips cost roughly US$27.80, which allows Ford to profitably sell the system at a much lower price than competitive offerings. A Cambridge Silicon Radio (CSR) BlueCore4 chip provides Bluetooth connectivity with compatible phones and devices. Utilizing the USB port, SYNC's Microsoft Windows Auto-based operating system can be updated to work with new personal electronic devices. The first generation of the Ford's SYNC computer was designed in cooperation with Continental AG and is built around a 400 MHz Freescale i.MX31L processor with an ARM 11 CPU core, uses 256 MB of 133 MHz Mobile DDR SDRAM from Micron and 2 GB of Samsung NAND flash memory, runs the Windows Embedded Automotive operating system, and uses speech technology by Nuance Communications. The SYNC computer, which Ford calls the Accessory Protocol Interface Module (APIM), is housed separately from the head unit, called the Audio Control Module (ACM), and interfaces with all vehicle audio sources as well as the high-speed and medium-speed vehicle CAN-buses. The latest version of SYNC was released in November 2012 by Ford and is only applicable to certain vehicles and configurations. SYNC v4 and v5 were released in January 2010 and January 2011, respectively, and enabled the Ford developed MyFord Touch application for certain 2011 model year vehicles as well as SYNC AppLink capabilities for certain 2011 model year vehicles. The applications included in the Ford Work Solution were Crew Chief, Garmin Nav, LogMeIn and Tool Link. Later that month, Ford Work Solutions, a collection of five applications marketed towards professionals who buy Ford trucks, was added. SYNC v3, released in April 2009, enabled the Traffic, Directions and Information application. In January 2008, SYNC v2 was released, which enabled two new Ford developed applications: 911 Assist and Vehicle Health Report. SYNC v1, which debuted September 2007, offered the ability to play certain entertainment media, the ability to connect to certain mobile phones and digital audio players and to utilize SMS.
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